Moreover infected organisms detect the presence of pathogens through recognition of carbohydrates and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which stimulates defense responses by the host. For example, they are involved in the initial infection step of pathogens by adhering to proteins expressed at the surface of host cells. 1) which provides a characteristic “glyco-signature” for both mammalian cells and pathogens 1 and participates to diverse biological events.
Carbohydrates are usually expressed on the cellular surface conjugated to membrane protein or lipid, composing the glycocalyx ( Fig. For decades, our knowledge in this field has been limited to their metabolic or structural function, but their scientific interest has been reassessed more recently in light of their primary relevance in cell–cell communication, host–pathogen interaction, cancer metastasis or fertilization.
Introduction Carbohydrates represent the most abundant and complex class of biomolecules in nature. This mini-review highlights the recent advances in the utilization of cyclopeptides to prepare fully synthetic vaccines prototypes against cancers and pathogens. Beside their synthetic versatility, these scaffolds are indeed interesting due to their stability against enzyme degradation and low immunogenicity. Cyclopeptides have been recently used successfully as carriers for the multivalent presentation of carbohydrate and peptide antigens in immunotherapy.
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